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Human rights in Rwanda have been rated as "mediocre" by the US government.〔("Human Rights Reports: Rwanda" ), embassy of the United States in Rwanda〕 As decolonization ideas spread across Africa, a Tutsi party and Hutu party were created. Both became militarized, and in 1959, Tutsi attempted to assassinate Grégoire Kayibanda, the leader of PARMEHUTU. This resulted in the wind of destruction known as the "Social Revolution" in Rwanda, violence which pitted Hutu against Tutsi, killing 20,000 to 100,000 Tutsi and forcing more into exile. After the withdrawal of Belgium from Africa in 1962, Rwanda separated from Rwanda-Urundi by referendum, which also eliminated the Tutsi monarchy, the mwami. In 1963, the Hutu government killed 14 000 Tutsi, after Tutsi guerillas attacked Rwanda from Burundi. The government maintained mandatory ethnic identity cards, and capped Tutsi numbers in universities and the civil service. During the Rwandan Genocide in 1994, 800,000 people were murdered.〔("Mandats d'arrêt contre des proches de Kagame" ), ''Nouvel Observateur''〕 == Post genocide human rights issues == Subsequent governments, including the current government led by President Paul Kagame, have been accused by Amnesty International of numerous human rights violations, notably extrajudicial killings. According to Amnesty International, between December 1997 and May 1998, thousands of Rwandans "disappeared" or were murdered by members of government security forces and of armed opposition groups. Amnesty International states that the Rwandan Patriotic Army and armed opposition forces both "deliberately target unarmed civilians", including children.〔("RWANDA: À l'abri des regards, les "disparitions" et les homicides continuent" ), Amnesty International, 23 June 1998〕 According to Human Rights Watch, Rwandan troops involved in the Second Congo War were responsible for the deaths of thousands of Congolese civilians.〔("Congo, Rwanda Responsables de Graves Abus" ), Human Rights Watch〕 At the time, Pasteur Bizimungu was president of Rwanda, while Paul Kagame was vice-president and minister of defence. In 2010, the United Nations issued a report accusing Rwanda of having "committ() war crimes against ethnic Hutus" in the Democratic Republic of Congo during the period. The report suggested that "Rwanda's army may have committed genocide" against Hutus - a suggestion "furiously" denied by Kagame's government. Regarding human rights under the government of President Paul Kagame, Human Rights Watch in 2007 accused Rwandan police of several instances of extrajudicial killings and deaths in custody.〔("Rwanda: Police Killings Tarnish Rule of Law" ), Human Rights Watch, 24 July 2007〕〔("'There Will Be No Trial': Police Killings of Detainees and the Imposition of Collective Punishments" ), Human Rights Watch, July 2007〕 In June 2006, the International Federation of Human Rights and Human Rights Watch described what they called "serious violations of international humanitarian law committed by the Rwanda Patriotic Army".〔("ICTR Should Address Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed by the RPA" ), Human Rights Watch, 2 June 2006〕 According to ''The Economist'' in 2008, Kagame "allows less political space and press freedom at home than Robert Mugabe does in Zimbabwe", and "()nyone who poses the slightest political threat to the regime is dealt with ruthlessly".〔("A flawed hero" ), ''The Economist'', 21 August 2008〕 The United States government in 2006 described the human rights record of the Kagame government as "mediocre", citing the "disappearances" of political dissidents, as well as arbitrary arrests and acts of violence, torture, and murders committed by police. U. S. authorities listed human rights problems including the existence of political prisoners and limited freedom of the press, freedom of assembly and freedom of religion.〔 Reporters Without Borders listed Rwanda in 147th place out of 169 for freedom of the press in 2007,〔("Eritrea ranked last for first time while G8 members, except Russia, recover lost ground" ), Reporters Without Borders〕 and reported that "Rwandan journalists suffer permanent hostility from their government and surveillance by the security services". It cited cases of journalists being threatened, harassed, and arrested for criticising the government. According to Reporters Without Borders, "President Paul Kagame and his government have never accepted that the press should be guaranteed genuine freedom".〔("Rwanda - Annual Report 2007" ), Reporters Without Borders〕 In 2010, Rwanda fell to 169th place, out of 178, entering the ranks of the ten lowest-ranked countries in the world for press freedom. Reporters Without Borders stated that "Rwanda, Yemen and Syria have joined Burma and North Korea as the most repressive countries in the world against journalists",〔("Classement mondial 2010" ), Reporters Without Borders〕 adding that in Rwanda, "the third lowest-ranked African country", "this drop was caused by the suspending of the main independent press media, the climate of terror surrounding the presidential election, and the murdering, in Kigali, of the deputy editor of ''Umuvugizi'', Jean-Léonard Rugambage. In proportions almost similar to those of Somalia, Rwanda is emptying itself of its journalists, who are fleeing the country due to their fear of repression".〔 ("Classement mondial 2010: Zoom sur l'Afrique" ), Reporters Without Borders〕 In December 2008, a draft report commissioned by the United Nations, to be presented to the Sanctions Committee of the United Nations Security Council, alleged that Kagame's Rwanda was supplying child soldiers to Tutsi rebels in Nord-Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo, in the context of the conflict in Nord-Kivu in 2008. The report also alleged that Rwanda was supplying General Laurent Nkunda with "military equipment, the use of Rwandan banks, and allow() the rebels to launch attacks from Rwandan territory on the Congolese army". In July 2009, the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative issued a report critical of the human rights situation in Rwanda.〔(Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative report on human rights in Rwanda ), July 2009〕 It highlighted "a lack of political freedom and harassment of journalists". It urged the Rwandan government to enact legislation enabling freedom of information and to "authorise the presence of an opposition in the next election".〔("Le Rwanda, 54e État membre" ), Radio Canada, 29 November 2009〕 It also emphasised abuses carried out by Rwandan troops in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and described Rwanda's overall human rights situation as "very poor": The report details a country in which democracy, freedom of speech, the press and human rights are undermined or violently abused, in which courts fail to meet international standards, and a country which has invaded its neighbour, the Democratic Republic of Congo, four times since 1994. ... Censorship is prevalent, according to the report, and the government has a record of shutting down independent media and harassing journalists. It concludes that Rwanda's constitution is used as a "façade" to hide "the repressive nature of the regime" and backs claims that Rwanda is essentially "an army with a state". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Human rights in Rwanda」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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